Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and knowledge justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The problem of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic problem of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic problem is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the problem of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the problem of personal identity.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

ABSTRACT With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran Extended Abstract Introduction The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”   Methodology This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.   Results and discussion Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay. In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.   Conclusion Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.   Keywords Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.

How to profoundly change the beliefs of the polytheists during the age of revelation from the denial of the Prophet (pbuh) to the certainty of his Message and the acceptance of his full guardianship is a question worthy of attention. The order of verses about prophecy based on the order of revelation is the reason to lead a transformative process and a special Quranic method in institutionalizing the belief of prophecy in the lives of Arabs. In the first stage, the Holy Quran in the first Makkī (Arabic: المکّیّ, suras revealed in Mecca) chapters has prepared the community from the motivational side to accept the truth of the Prophet’s (pbuh) prophecy and briefly stating the key issues surrounding it. The Holy Book of Quran at the time of the emergence of oppositions and doubts (the second stage) destroyed the arguments of the polytheists and explained the prophecy and proved its authenticity from a cognitive perspective in the second stage by presenting clear arguments. and the Holy Book of Quran in the third stage after Madanī (Arabic: المدنیّ, suras revealed in Medina) period has undertaken measures in order to fulfill the goals of the Massage by explaining the true position of the Prophet (pbuh) to deepen and operationalize the Prophetic belief through explaining practical duties for the Prophet (pbuh) and behavior based on the acceptance of Walaya (Arabic: ولایة, meaning “guardianship” or “governance”).

Bazaars are among the few historical buildings that still continue to operate. The Bazaar in a city has been important not only from economic aspects but also from cultural and social aspects. Today, the empty space of such urban spaces, which can become a lasting space by creating a sense of belonging and peace, while meeting the needs of today's people, is felt very much. Sound is one of the main factors in creating memories in the human mind. In order to investigate the role of sound in the traditional architecture of Iran, a research was conducted in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The final goal of this research is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of the sound using sound meter software in the Vakil Bazzar of Shiraz. The permissible level of noise pollution in urban spaces is 60 decibels based on the resolution of the Supreme Council of Environmental Protection of Iran for commercial areas. The results of this research indicate that in the quietest conditions, the noise pollution for at least 33% of the Bazzar space is higher than the maximum allowed amount of noise pollution. How to improve the sound conditions in Vakil Bazzar, such as reducing noise by creating a masking sound source, creating a pond and a fountain, is one of the most important results of this research.

The influential physicist Richard Feynman became interested in the relationship between religion and science during a mid-career phase. He proposed that their interface was embroiled in unresolvable difficulties. He felt that science demanded an attitude of uncertainty for its claims, while religion contrarily required certain belief in its core doctrines. Though possessing several non-contradictory dimensions, Feynman felt that the nature of the truth claims of science and religion suffered from insurmountable elemental conflicts. This was by contrast to Karl Popper, the leading critical rationalist of the 20th century, who argued that there could be no tension between science and religion. This paper will argue that the ‘Feynman Problem’ is not as insoluble as it appears. Rather, several solutions exist within critical rationalism. Two will be presented-the first revolves around the conjectural basis of knowledge and is already a well characterised critical rationalist notion. The second is a novel solution based on the separate categorisation of psychological, pragmatic, and epistemological attitudes to religion and science. Karl Popper’s view of religion-science dissimilarity was a minimalist point of departure for critical rationalists, who have developed increasingly sophisticated frameworks for investigating the relationship between faith and reason. Critical rationalism represents an equally inspirational methodology for the pursuit of scientific and religious truth. Though both Feynman and Popper’s views on religion were underdeveloped, they foreshadowed the religion-science frameworks advocated by many late 20th century scientists, especially in the form of New Atheism and Gould’s NOMA theory.

Nature has aesthetics of its own, what can provoke the human mind into better recognizing the concept of beauty via mental perception. As such, human mind can interact with the nonverbal expressions of nature only to better his/her primitive aesthetic knowledge and reach a more novel recognition of aestheticism via the practice of interpretative deduction. This article has been the result of a series of discussions and dialogues between the authors on the nature of aesthetic geotouring and exploring the natural phenomena based on the Dialectical Method of Socrates and modelled after the Platonic dialogues. The outcome of this dialectic study brings to light the fact that touring in nature through providing the due opportunity for mental perception of aesthetic phenomena can provide a clearer definition of ‘beauty’ in its rich variety. Aesthetic search as such will culminate in forming a more illuminated mental concept of beauty in mind, what can influence human rationale for aesthetic judgment and enrich even more the texture of human aesthetic creation. Such aesthetico-interpretative endeavor might lead to a higher potential for creating more original works of literature and art and culminate in a better judgment about such aesthetic creations.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper management on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.